Domestic Violence Against Men: Introduction

1.1 Introduction
In our society, violence is bursting. It is present almost everywhere and nowhere is this eruption more intense than right behind the doors of homes. Behind closed doors of homes all across our country, men are being tortured, beaten and killed. It is happening in rural areas, towns, cities and in metropolitans as well. It is crossing all social classes, genders, racial lines and age groups. It is becoming a legacy being passed on from one generation to another.
The term used to describe this exploding problem of violence within our homes is Domestic Violence. This violence is towards someone who we are in a relationship with, be it a wife, husband, son, daughter, mother, father, grandparent or any other family member. It can be a male’s or a female’s atrocities towards another male or a female. Anyone can be a victim and a victimizer. This violence has a tendency to explode in various forms such as physical, sexual or emotional.
Marriage is better called “marital democracy” where one spouse’s interests should not dominate the interests of the spouse, which however, does not mean that the spouse must lose the right to make decisions of personal benefit. What is important is mutual respect and understanding. That’s why marital problem solving requires mutual respect and understanding. One of the major problems the men face around marriages is criminalization of marital disputes. People off late seem to have woken up from slumber on the misuse of certain laws, originally meant to safeguard interests and dignity of women.
Not only married women, but also husbands are subjected to domestic violence within homes. There are husbands who are thrashed, abused, even beaten and have plethora of evidences of wife’s cruelty, but her statement that the husband and his relative demanded dowry outweighs everything. It has become a fashion for the wife and her family to threaten husband and his family on false cases if the demands of the wife and her family are not met to their satisfaction. Marital disputes are being used as an excuse to convert bad marriage into false criminal case based on false allegations by the wife of cruelty, harassment, physical/mental torture, abuse by the husband and his family. Many real cases of harassment of wife are not even recorded but false cases are given priority. 
The husband is subjected to psychological and emotional torture so that he breaks down and surrenders to the demands of the wife, which generally revolves around giving huge money and property to the wife to settle the matter. Unfortunately, the actual victims continue to suffer but the little cleverer take the law as a tool to torture the husband. On many occasions husband is forced to pay extortion amount under the disguise of maintenance or alimony. Many men take recourse to ending their lives, a fact which is also corroborated by the suicide figures published by Union Home Ministry.[1] There is requirement of balancing the marital relationships, of individual spousal rights in present times.
The laws contained in Section 498A[2], 306[3], 304B[4] of The Indian Penal Code, 1860, Section 113B[5] of Indian Evidence Act, 1872 and those contained under The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005, are enacted to benefit women. However, they are often used, rather misused, to victimize the husband and his family members. Even the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India has termed this misuse as “Legal Terrorism”[6]. The problem is, at the time of filing the false complaint, the implications and consequences are not properly visualized by the complainant that it can lead to harassment, agony and pains to all concerned including the complainant herself.
There are debates and brain storming on recent judgment by the Supreme Court in which immediate arrests of husband and family members under Section 498A of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (herein after referred to as “The Code”) was restricted.  Section 498A of the Code, commonly known as the Anti Dowry law, was passed in 1983 to protect married women from mental and physical cruelty and dowry related demands by husbands and his relatives. More than three decades, today it is commonly known as the law which is ‘misused’. It is not a case between husband and wife. It is a case between husband and state where state fights on wife’s behalf. The mere saying of the woman is taken at its face value. The entire family is labeled criminals because of a failed marriage. Even if one files divorce on grounds of cruelty by wife, she can still go ahead and file complaint claiming that the husband is the actual abuser.
1.2 Meaning of Violence & Domestic Violence
The term violence refers to use of any physical force to cause damage or injury to person or property.
According to Oxford Dictionary[7],“Violence as behaviour involving physical force intended to hurt, damage or kill someone or something”.
According to Black’s Law Dictionary[8], Violence is the use of physical force, usually accompanied by fury, vehemence, or outrage; especially physical force unlawfully exercised with the intent to harm.
World Health Organization (WHO)[9] defines Violence:
 "The intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, which either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, mal-development, or deprivation".

1.2.1 Domestic Violence
According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary[10] definition, domestic violence is: 
"The inflicting of physical injury by one family or household member on another; also: a repeated or habitual pattern of such behaviour."
Domestic violence is now more broadly defined, often but not always including "all acts of physical, sexual, psychological or economic violence" that may be committed by a person who is a family member or a person that has been an intimate partner or spouse, irrespective of whether they lived together.[11]
According to Oxford Law Dictionary[12], Domestic Violence is when a person subjected to physical violence by their husband, wife or cohabitant.
According to Black’s Law Dictionary[13], Domestic Violence is the violence between members of a household usually spouses; an assault or other violent act committed by one member of a household against another.
According to Advanced Law Lexicon[14], Domestic Violence is the violence committed by one family or household member against another.
According to Sec.32 (dd) of the Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act, 1936 the “Domestic violence” means any act or commission or conduct which is of such a nature as to harm or injure or has the potential of harming or injuring the health, safety or well being of the person aggrieved.
 ‘The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act (PWDVA), 2005’ (herein after referred to as ‘The Act of 2005’) defines the expression “domestic violence” to include actual abuse or threat of abuse-physical, sexual verbal, emotional or economic violence. [15]
1.3 Historical Perspective of Domestic Violence
Domestic violence is as old as recorded history which has been reported in virtually every society, every civilization. Discrimination and oppression leading to physical, mental or emotional violence have been accepted as a part of every patriarchal society.
Since times immemorial, domestic violence has been an intrinsic part of our society. The contributing factors could be the desire to gain control over another family member, the desire to exploit someone for personal benefits, the flare to be in a commanding position all the time, showcasing one’s supremacy so on and so forth. On various occasions, psychological problems and social influence also add to the vehemence. Their causes of occurrence in households have been analyzed categorically. The variation in the intensity of the forms with change in the geographical location and culture has also been addressed. The after-effects of different kinds of domestic violence and the possible remedies have been highlighted.
While the majority of the research on intimate partner violence in heterosexual relationships focuses on women as victims and men as offenders, some scholars have addressed women’s experiences with intimate partner violence as offenders. The issue of women as batterers first appeared as a result of the work of Richard Gelles and colleagues. However, the issue of women as perpetrators of intimate partner violence is more complex than Gelles and his colleagues suggested.[16] Women who perpetuate violence against an intimate partner do so to maintain control and power in their own lives.
1.4 Types of Violence
The violence of any type can be manifested in two forms one is institutionalized and other is direct. First type of violence is present in political, economic and social system by maintaining against those who are vulnerable. Institutional violence serves as a basis for direct violence because it influences the pattern of socialization.[17] It brings to those Individual who suffer, accept it according to the social role played.
Violence is a very broad term. It may have various forms. Depending upon the type of relationship, the form of violence occurring may differ from each other. The different types of violence recognized are as follows:
1.4.1 Physical Abuse[18]
Physical abuse can be defined as any intentional act causing injury or trauma to another person by way of bodily contact.  In most cases, children are the victims of physical abuse, but adults can also be victims, as in cases of domestic violence or workplace aggression. Alternative terms sometimes used include physical assault or physical violence, and may also include sexual abuse. Physical abuse may involve more than one abuser, and more than one victim. For example: - pushing or shoving, holding to keep from leaving, slapping or biting, kicking or choking, hitting or punching,  throwing objects,  locking out of the house, abandoning in dangerous places, refusal to help when other partner is sick, injured, forcing other partner off the road or driving recklessly, or threatening to hurt with a weapon etc,[19] are part of physical abuse.

1.4.2 Sexual Abuse[20] 
Sexual abuse, understood in the same sense of molestation, is usually undesired sexual behavior by one person upon another. When force is immediate, of short duration, or infrequent, it is called sexual assault. The offender is referred to as a sexual abuser or molester. The term also covers any behavior by an adult or older adolescent towards a child to stimulate any of the involved sexually. The use of a child, or other individuals younger than the age of consent, for sexual stimulation is referred to as child sexual abuse or statutory rape. For example: - minimizing the importance of feelings about sex, criticizing sexually, insisting on unwanted or uncomfortable touching withheld sex and affection, forced sex after physical abuse or when other partner is sick, rape, jealously angry, assuming other partner would have sex with anyone, insisting to dress in a more sexual way than one wants etc.[21]
1.4.3 Psychological Abuse[22]
Psychological abuse (also referred to as psychological violence, emotional abuse or mental abuse) is a form of abuse, characterized by a person subjecting, or exposing, another person to behaviour that may result in psychological trauma, including anxiety, chronic depression, or post-traumatic stress disorder. Such abuse is often associated with situations of power imbalance, such as abusive relationships, bullying, gas lighting and abuse in the workplace. For example:- behavior that is intended to intimidate and persecute, and takes the form of threats of abandonment or abuse, confinement to the home, surveillance, threats to take away custody of the children, destruction of objects, isolation, verbal aggression and constant humiliation etc.
1.4.4 Economic Abuse[23]
Economic abuse is a form of abuse when one intimate partner has control over the other partner's access to economic resources, which diminishes the victim's capacity to support herself and forces the person to depend on the perpetrator financially.
It is related to, or also known as, financial abuse, which is the illegal or unauthorized use of a person’s property, money, pension book or other valuables (including changing the person's will to name the abuser as heir), often fraudulently obtaining power of attorney, followed by deprivation of money or other property, or by eviction from own home. Financial abuse applies to both elder abuse and domestic violence. For Example: denial of funds, refusal to contribute financially, denial of food and basic needs and controlling access to health care, employment, etc.
1.4.5 Emotional Abuse[24]
Emotional abuse is any act including confinement, isolation, verbal assault, humiliation, intimidation, infantilization, or any other treatment which may diminish the sense of identity, dignity, and self-worth. For example: continuous criticism, calling names or shouting, insulting or driving away partner’s friends or family, humiliation in private or public, keeping partner from working, controlling money or making all the decisions, refusing to work or to share money, taking car keys or money from partner, regularly threatening to leave or telling other person to leave, threatening to kidnap the children when the abuser was angry, abusing pets to hurt the other person, manipulating other partner with lies and contradictions etc.[25]
1.5 Causes & Characteristics of Domestic Violence
Like any other social evil, domestic violence also has some peculiar characteristics of its own. Along with those characteristics, there are various causes behind causation of domestic violence. 
1.5.1 Causes of Domestic Violence:[26]
If contemplated over the reasons behind this form of domestic violence some of the apparent possible causes such as not abiding by the instructions of the wives’, inadequate earning of men, infidelity towards wives, not helping the partner in household activities, not taking a proper care of children, abusing the spouse’s family, infertility of men, spying the activities of partner, doubting the partner all the time and not trusting her, revolt by the wife when asked to look after in-laws etc. On many occasions, the spat between men and women becomes public thereby influencing the society around especially in the villages. In urban areas such forms of violence may go unreported because of greater privacy. Also the families find their reputation at stake in urban areas.[27] Generally, following are the causes which are considered to further enhance the problem of domestic violence:
1.5.1.1 Cultural:-
Cultural causes are one of the very basic reasons of existence of domestic violence against persons in the society. Gender based socialization is imbedded in our culture.  Our culture decides the roles to be played by each sex being a unit of the society. Every person is expected to behave in a particular manner and to fulfill his set of responsibilities as has been decided by the society. In our culture, family as well as marriage is considered to be a private sphere and thus no one tries to intervene and resolve the conflicts which arise within the four walls and thus domestic violence continues within the four walls. Also in our culture it is not considered good to make public the dispute within the family and this has led to the thinking that it’s better to quiet the rebellion by use of violence rather than to publicize it.
1.5.1.2 Economic:-
Another reason for existence of domestic violence in our society is the economic causes. In our present society, in a relationship one partner has only limited access to cash and credit which also leads to economic disparities in a relationship thus leading to frustration and strained relationships. Further, the laws regarding inheritance of property and property rights under such laws are discriminatory and are not gender neutral which again forms the basic reason behind violence within the family. Legal provisions relating to the rights of women for maintenance after divorce or widowhood lead to economic frustration, tension as well as stress amongst males which lead to further violence in the family.
1.5.1.3 Legal:-
Apart from cultural and economic causes, there can be legal causes of violence also. Lesser legal status of men either by written law or by practice is the main cause of violence against men in the family. Laws regarding divorce, child custody, maintenance and inheritance are biased in the favour of females and this makes the males victims of violence perpetrated by the females in the family. Legal definitions of rape and domestic abuse are framed to include only females and thus are highly misused by the females to settle their scores with males. Insensitive treatment of women and girls towards males and boys can be another reason of domestic violence as well.
1.5.1.4 Political & Other Causes:-
Political causes also sometimes further the problem of domestic violence. Rising representation of women in power, politics, the media and in the legal and medical professions, has suppressed the voice of males upto a very large extent. Further under the political spheres, the problem of domestic violence is not taken that much seriously be it directed against males or females and that is why the problem is rising instead of curbing. Notion that family is a private sphere and is beyond the control of the state is another reason of domestic violence taking place in one form or other in almost every home. Further challenging the set customs and principles of various groups as well as of religions involve a great risk of inviting public unrest and political disturbance in the society and that is why politicians are not very keen on touching upon this matter.
1.5.2 Characteristics of Domestic Violence[28]
The following are the characteristics of domestic violence:
a) Domestic violence is a victimization of person within boundaries of family; women/men may be a boy/girl child, married, elderly or like relationship. 
b) Violence can be of any type of harm physical, psychological, emotional, spiritual, economical, etc. It includes even threat or aggressive behaviours towards person not only person’s physical being and even towards her/his self- respect and self-confidence too.
c) The violence takes place in private sphere i.e. home where the person expects love, affection, care, warmth and the wrongdoer is his/her own family members.
e) It is a gender based violence that reflects the existing asymmetry in power relationship between men and women that perpetuates the subordination and devaluation of                                                             rights and reproduces the imbalance and inequality between the sexes. It is rightly described as gender specific crime occurring within family between individuals related through intimacy, blood or law.[29]
g) Domestic violence refers to a pattern of violent abusive and coercive behaviour by one partner in a relationship to gain and maintain power and control over another person’s life.
h) Terms like marital violence, are used to connotes the violence between spouses while other terms like inter-family violence, domestic violence are used to broadly include violence in spouses, exhibited against children, between siblings and generally between persons who shared a mutual residence and live in close relationship.[30]
Violence against men is most shameful human right violation. It does not know boundaries, geography, culture, caste, wealth or else. It is a universal phenomenon found in developing, developed and under developed countries in varying forms and magnitude.
The term intimate partner violence (IPV) is often used synonymously with domestic abuse or domestic violence, but it usually refers to abuse occurring within a couple relation (marriage, cohabitation, though they do not have to live together for it to be considered domestic abuse). 
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines intimate partner violence as: "... any behaviour within an intimate relationship that causes physical, psychological or sexual harm to those in the relationship".[31]
Michael P. Johnson argues that there are four major types of Intimate partner violence[32]. Types of violence identified by Johnson:
·         Common couple violence (CCV) is not connected to general control behaviour, but arises in a single argument where one or both partners physically lash out at the other.
·         Intimate terrorism (IT) may also involve emotional and psychological abuse. Intimate terrorism is one element in a general pattern of control by one partner over the other. Intimate terrorism is more likely to escalate over time, not as likely to be mutual, and more likely to involve serious injury. IT batterers include two types: "Generally- violent-antisocial" and "dysphoric-borderline". The first type includes people with general psychopathic and violent tendencies. The second types are people who are emotionally dependent on the relationship. Support for this typology has been found in subsequent evaluations.
·         Violent resistance (VR), sometimes thought of as self-defence, is violence perpetrated by victims against their abusive partners.
·         Mutual violent control (MVC) is rare type of intimate partner violence occurring when both partners act in a violent manner, battling for control.
There are many reasons for filing false case against husband and his family like demanding separation of husband from his old parents, interference by parents of wife in her matrimonial life, past affair of wife or extra-marital affair, financial independence of wife etc. It is seen that most cases of misuses of dowry laws are reported by urban families and wives who are well educated, independent and aggressive. Mere lodging a complaint by a married woman even based on conflicts with husband on trivial matters not distantly relating to dowry demand gets the police machinery into action quickly and all accused are put behind the bar; even young kids and close relatives are not spared some time. Offences under Section 498A of Indian Penal Code are non bailable and non compoundable. Women take advantage of these provisions to set scores with husbands and in laws.[33]
Every person who is falsely implicated in criminal complaints or F.I.R. is sufferer. A false complaint has a far reaching impact on social and economic prospects of accused. Sometimes, a complainant herself is sufferer, mostly in those cases where complaining wife has no independent source of livelihood. Because, arrest of near and dear one’s of husband culminates in divorce between husband and wife and ultimately she is left at the mercy of her natural parents. Minor children to marriage are innocent victims, who don’t face legal action but they do face social problem like, single parenting, crimino-genic atmosphere of up-bringing which results in ‘broken personality’. The criminal trial leads to immense sufferings for all concerned. Even ultimate acquittal in the trial may also not be able to wipe out the deep scars of suffering of ignominy. A large number of these complaints have led to enormous social unrest affecting peace, harmony and happiness of the society. Further, tendency of false implication of parties does have bearing on genuine cases.[34] 
Following are the few points of ill effects of misuse of this provision:-
1.      It increases corruption in police and society as police threaten persons involved that if they would not pay money, their bail will be delayed.
2.      Many lawyers, in lieu of getting commission on the money received by women by misusing this provision, encourage complaints to exaggerate the amount due to them as streedhan. It is causing disgrace to profession of advocates.
3.      Many husbands or their old parents commit suicide due to the harassment by women in such false cases.
4.      Mothers, in order to take revenge on the husband, do not allow fathers to see the child. It has ill impact on the physical and mental development of the child.
Annually about 75000 dowry harassment cases are filed in India. According to National Crime Reports Bureau data, more than 80% people arrested under dowry law cases have turned out to be innocent. Suicide rates of married men in India are higher than females and their proportion increases with their age. For males in the age group of 30 to 40 suicide rate is 508 per 100000 persons; for women it is 220. The suicide rates among men in the age group of 45 to 59 are 1812 per 100000 persons and among women, it is 550. It shows that more husbands are compelled to commit suicide because of unbearable harassment, mental torture, disturbed family life, financial pressure etc.[35]
There is no question that domestic violence directed against women is a serious and bigger problem, but domestic violence against men is also increasing gradually in India. The supremacy of men in the society makes one believe that they are not vulnerable to domestic violence. Battering of men by their spouse and family members has become a concerned issue and is another form of domestic violence under purview of judiciary. In India, domestic violence against women is a adequately highlighted problem but it, in no way, rules out the possibility of existence of domestic violence against men.[36]
Males have reported incidences of assault against them like pushing, shoving, slapping, grabbing, hitting which are intended to harm them and also take their lives on many occasions. Recently, hundreds of husbands gathered in Chandigarh and Shimla to voice their opinion for men’s rights and protection against domestic violence subjected to them by their wives and other family members. It reflects the need for a special law for curbing domestic violence against men in present times.[37]



[1] V.K. Dewan, Cruelty & Offences Against Husbands, Asia Law House, Hyderabad, p 6
[2] Section 498A of The Indian Penal Code Husband or relative of husband of a woman subjecting her to cruelty.—Whoever, being the husband or the relative of the husband of a woman, subjects such woman to cruelty shall be pun­ished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years and shall also be liable to fine. Explanation.—For the purpose of this section, “cruelty” means—(a) any wilful conduct which is of such a nature as is likely to drive the woman to commit suicide or to cause grave injury or danger to life, limb or health (whether mental or physical) of the woman; or(b) harassment of the woman where such harassment is with a view to coercing her or any person related to her to meet any unlawful demand for any property or valuable security or is on account of failure by her or any person related to her to meet such demand.
[3] Section 306 of The Indian Penal Code Abetment of suicide.—If any person commits suicide, whoever abets the commission of such suicide, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine.
[4]Section 304B of The Indian Penal Code Dowry death.—(1) Where the death of a woman is caused by any burns or bodily injury or occurs otherwise than under normal circumstances within seven years of her marriage and it is shown that soon before her death she was subjected to cruelty or har­assment by her husband or any relative of her husband for, or in connection with, any demand for dowry, such death shall be called “dowry death”, and such husband or relative shall be deemed to have caused her death. Explanation.—For the purpose of this sub-section, “dowry” shall have the same meaning as in section 2 of the Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 (28 of 1961).(2) Whoever commits dowry death shall be punished with imprison­ment for a term which shall not be less than seven years but which may extend to imprisonment for life.
[5] Section 113B of The Indian Evidence Act, 1872 Presumption as to dowry death.—When the question is whether a person has committed the dowry death of a woman and it is shown that soon before her death such woman has been subjected by such person to cruelty or harassment for, or in connection with, any demand for dowry, the Court shall presume that such person had caused the dowry death. Explanation.—For the purposes of this section, “dowry death” shall have the same meaning as in section 304B, of the Indian Penal Code, (45 of 1860).
[6] Sushil Kumar Sharma vs. Union of India, JT 2005 (6) SC 266
[8] Black’s Law Dictionary, Ed. 8th, p 1601
[9]  "World report on violence and health", World Health Organization, 2002.
[12] Oxford Law Dictionary, Ed. 5th, p 46
[13] Supra note 8
[14] Advanced Law Lexicon Ed. 3rd , 2005
[15] Section 3. Definition of domestic violence.-For the purposes of this Act, any act, omission or commission or conduct of  the respondent shall constitute domestic violence in case it -  (a) harms or injures or endangers the health, safety, life, limb or well-being, whether mental or physical, of the aggrieved person or tends to do so and includes causing physical abuse, sexual abuse, verbal and emotional abuse and (Continued from previous page) economic abuse; or (b) harasses, harms, injures or endangers the aggrieved person with a view to coerce her or any other person related to her to meet any unlawful demand for any dowry or other property or valuable security; or (c) has the effect of threatening the aggrieved person or any person related to her by any conduct mentioned in clause (a) or clause (b); or (d) otherwise injures or causes harm, whether physical or mental, to the aggrieved person.
 Explanation I.-For the purposes of this section,-
 (i) "physical abuse" means any act or conduct which is of such a nature as to cause bodily pain, harm, or danger to life, limb, or health or impair the health or development of the aggrieved person and includes assault, criminal intimidation and criminal force;  (ii) "sexual abuse" includes any conduct of a sexual nature that abuses, humiliates, degrades or otherwise violates the dignity of woman;  (iii) "verbal and emotional abuse" includes-
 (a) insults, ridicule, humiliation, name calling and insults or ridicule specially with regard to not having a child or a male child; and  (b) repeated threats to cause physical pain to any person in whom the aggrieved person is interested. (iv) "economic abuse" includes- (a) deprivation of all or any economic or financial resources to which the aggrieved person is entitled under any law or custom whether payable under an order of a court or otherwise or which the aggrieved person requires out of necessity including, but not limited to, household necessities for the aggrieved person and her children, if any, stridhan, property, jointly or separately owned by the aggrieved person, payment of rental related to the shared household and maintenance;
 (b) disposal of household effects, any alienation of assets whether movable or immovable, valuables, shares, securities, bonds and the like or other property in which the aggrieved person has an interest or is entitled to use by virtue of the domestic relationship or which may be reasonably required by the aggrieved person or her children or her stridhan or any other property jointly or separately held by the aggrieved person; and
 (c) prohibition or restriction to continued access to resources or facilities which the aggrieved person is entitled to use or enjoy by virtue of the domestic relationship including access to the shared household.
 Explanation II.-For the purpose of determining whether any act, omission, commission or conduct of the respondent constitutes "domestic violence" under this section, the overall facts and circumstances of the case shall be taken into consideration. 
[16] Stacy L Mallicoat and Connie Estrada Ireland, Women and Crime-The Essentials, Ed. 1st, Sage Pulications, New Delhi,(2014), p. 113
[17]  Violence Against Women a Literature Review Available at http://ihro.org.in/women_violence.html .
[18]  Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_abuse, retrieved on 10-12-2016.
[19] Newton C. J. “Domestic Violence: An Overview” FindCounseling.com, Mental Health Journal. February, 2001. Available at http://www.aaets.org/article145.htm
[20] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_abuse, retrieved on 10-12-2016
[21] Supra note 18                                                                                   
[22] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_abuse, retrieved on 10-12-2016
[23] Available at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_abuse, retrieved on 10-12-2016
[25] Supra note 18
[26] UNICEF (2000), Domestic Violence against Women and Girls, Innnocenti Digest N0. 6, available at http://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/digest6e.pdf , pg. no.7
[27] Shankaran M.V.,’Intra-Family Violence & Law’ 13 Indian Bar Review, 1986,86.
[28] Narwadkar, Dr. Pooja P., Law Relating to Domestic Violence in India, 1st Ed. 2014, Hind Law House, Pg.No29
[29]  Jaising Indira “Domestic Violence &Law”1 Journal of NHRC, 2002. 73.
[30]  Supra note 27
[31]  WHO: World Report on Violence and Health (http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence /world_report/en/full_en.pdf?ua=1) (2002)
[32]  Paula Nicolson. Domestic Violence and Psychology: A Critical Perspective (http://books.google.com/books? id=WSANCERMa2MC&pg=PA40). Taylor & Francis; 14 December 2010. ISBN 9781136698613. p. 40
[33] Hemant Kumar, “Legal Terrorism”, Lawyer’s update, p.11 October (2010) 
[34] Preeti Gupta Vs. State of Jharkhand, AIR 2010 SC 3363
[35] Misuse of Legal Protection By Women, Shodhganga, pp 184
[36]Domestic Violence In India: Causes, Consequences And Remedies’ Available at http://www.youthkiawaaz.com/2010/02/domestic-violence-in-india-causes-consequences-and-remedies-2/, retrieved on 10-12-2016
[37] Supra  note 27

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