Domestic Violence Against Men: Introduction
1.1 Introduction
In our society, violence is bursting. It is present
almost everywhere and nowhere is this eruption more intense than right behind
the doors of homes. Behind closed doors of homes all across our country, men
are being tortured, beaten and killed. It is happening in rural areas, towns,
cities and in metropolitans as well. It is crossing all social classes,
genders, racial lines and age groups. It is becoming a legacy being passed on
from one generation to another.
The term used to describe this exploding problem of
violence within our homes is Domestic Violence. This violence is towards
someone who we are in a relationship with, be it a wife, husband, son, daughter,
mother, father, grandparent or any other family member. It can be a male’s or a
female’s atrocities towards another male or a female. Anyone can be a victim
and a victimizer. This violence has a tendency to explode in various forms such
as physical, sexual or emotional.
Marriage is better called “marital democracy” where
one spouse’s interests should not dominate the interests of the spouse, which
however, does not mean that the spouse must lose the right to make decisions of
personal benefit. What is important is mutual respect and understanding. That’s
why marital problem solving requires mutual respect and understanding. One of
the major problems the men face around marriages is criminalization of marital
disputes. People off late seem to have woken up from slumber on the misuse of
certain laws, originally meant to safeguard interests and dignity of women.
Not only married women, but also husbands are
subjected to domestic violence within homes. There are husbands who are
thrashed, abused, even beaten and have plethora of evidences of wife’s cruelty,
but her statement that the husband and his relative demanded dowry outweighs
everything. It has become a fashion for the wife and her family to threaten
husband and his family on false cases if the demands of the wife and her family
are not met to their satisfaction. Marital disputes are being used as an excuse
to convert bad marriage into false criminal case based on false allegations by
the wife of cruelty, harassment, physical/mental torture, abuse by the husband
and his family. Many real cases of harassment of wife are not even recorded but
false cases are given priority.
The husband is subjected to psychological and
emotional torture so that he breaks down and surrenders to the demands of the
wife, which generally revolves around giving huge money and property to the
wife to settle the matter. Unfortunately, the actual victims continue to suffer
but the little cleverer take the law as a tool to torture the husband. On many
occasions husband is forced to pay extortion amount under the disguise of
maintenance or alimony. Many men take recourse to ending their lives, a fact
which is also corroborated by the suicide figures published by Union Home
Ministry.[1]
There is requirement of balancing the marital relationships, of individual
spousal rights in present times.
The laws contained in Section 498A[2],
306[3],
304B[4]
of The Indian Penal Code, 1860, Section 113B[5]
of Indian Evidence Act, 1872 and those contained under The Protection of Women
from Domestic Violence Act, 2005, are enacted to benefit women. However, they
are often used, rather misused, to victimize the husband and his family
members. Even the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India has termed this misuse as “Legal
Terrorism”[6].
The problem is, at the time of filing the false complaint, the implications and
consequences are not properly visualized by the complainant that it can lead to
harassment, agony and pains to all concerned including the complainant herself.
There are debates and brain storming on recent
judgment by the Supreme Court in which immediate arrests of husband and family
members under Section 498A of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (herein after
referred to as “The Code”) was restricted. Section 498A of the Code, commonly known as
the Anti Dowry law, was passed in 1983 to protect married women from mental and
physical cruelty and dowry related demands by husbands and his relatives. More
than three decades, today it is commonly known as the law which is ‘misused’.
It is not a case between husband and wife. It is a case between husband and
state where state fights on wife’s behalf. The mere saying of the woman is
taken at its face value. The entire family is labeled criminals because of a failed
marriage. Even if one files divorce on grounds of cruelty by wife, she can
still go ahead and file complaint claiming that the husband is the actual
abuser.
1.2 Meaning of Violence
& Domestic Violence
The term violence refers to use of any physical force
to cause damage or injury to person or property.
According to Oxford
Dictionary[7],“Violence
as behaviour involving physical force intended to hurt, damage or kill someone
or something”.
According
to Black’s Law Dictionary[8],
Violence is the use of physical force, usually accompanied by fury, vehemence,
or outrage; especially physical force unlawfully exercised with the intent to
harm.
World Health
Organization (WHO)[9] defines Violence:
"The intentional use of physical force or
power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a
group or community, which either results in or has a high likelihood of
resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, mal-development, or
deprivation".
1.2.1
Domestic Violence
According to the Merriam-Webster
dictionary[10] definition,
domestic violence is:
"The inflicting of physical injury by one
family or household member on another; also: a repeated or habitual pattern of
such behaviour."
Domestic violence is now more broadly defined, often
but not always including "all acts of physical, sexual, psychological or
economic violence" that may be committed by a person who is a family
member or a person that has been an intimate partner or spouse, irrespective of
whether they lived together.[11]
According to Oxford
Law Dictionary[12],
Domestic Violence is when a person subjected to physical violence by their
husband, wife or cohabitant.
According to Black’s
Law Dictionary[13],
Domestic Violence is the violence between members of a household usually
spouses; an assault or other violent act committed by one member of a household
against another.
According to Advanced
Law Lexicon[14],
Domestic Violence is the violence committed by one family or household member
against another.
According to Sec.32
(dd) of the Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act, 1936 the “Domestic violence”
means any act or commission or conduct which is of such a nature as to harm or
injure or has the potential of harming or injuring the health, safety or well
being of the person aggrieved.
‘The
Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act (PWDVA), 2005’ (herein after
referred to as ‘The Act of 2005’) defines the expression “domestic violence” to
include actual abuse or threat of abuse-physical, sexual verbal, emotional or
economic violence. [15]
1.3 Historical
Perspective of Domestic Violence
Domestic violence is as old as recorded history
which has been reported in virtually every society, every civilization.
Discrimination and oppression leading to physical, mental or emotional violence
have been accepted as a part of every patriarchal society.
Since times immemorial, domestic violence has been
an intrinsic part of our society. The contributing factors could be the desire
to gain control over another family member, the desire to exploit someone for
personal benefits, the flare to be in a commanding position all the time,
showcasing one’s supremacy so on and so forth. On various occasions,
psychological problems and social influence also add to the vehemence. Their
causes of occurrence in households have been analyzed categorically. The
variation in the intensity of the forms with change in the geographical
location and culture has also been addressed. The after-effects of different
kinds of domestic violence and the possible remedies have been highlighted.
While the majority of the research on intimate
partner violence in heterosexual relationships focuses on women as victims and
men as offenders, some scholars have addressed women’s experiences with
intimate partner violence as offenders. The issue of women as batterers first
appeared as a result of the work of Richard Gelles and colleagues. However, the
issue of women as perpetrators of intimate partner violence is more complex
than Gelles and his colleagues suggested.[16]
Women who perpetuate violence against an intimate partner do so to maintain
control and power in their own lives.
1.4 Types of Violence
The violence of any type can be manifested in two
forms one is institutionalized and other is direct. First type of violence is
present in political, economic and social system by maintaining against those
who are vulnerable. Institutional violence serves as a basis for direct
violence because it influences the pattern of socialization.[17]
It brings to those Individual who suffer, accept it according to the social
role played.
Violence is a very broad term. It may have various
forms. Depending upon the type of relationship, the form of violence occurring
may differ from each other. The different types of violence recognized are as
follows:
Physical abuse can be
defined as any intentional act causing injury or trauma to another person by way of bodily
contact. In most cases, children are the victims of
physical abuse, but adults can also be victims, as in cases of domestic violence or workplace aggression. Alternative terms sometimes used include physical assault or physical violence, and may also include sexual
abuse. Physical abuse may involve more than one abuser,
and more than one victim. For example: - pushing
or shoving, holding to keep from leaving, slapping or biting, kicking or
choking, hitting or punching, throwing
objects, locking out of the house,
abandoning in dangerous places, refusal to help when other partner is sick,
injured, forcing other partner off the road or driving recklessly, or
threatening to hurt with a weapon etc,[19]
are part of physical abuse.
Sexual abuse, understood in the same sense of molestation,
is usually undesired sexual behavior by one
person upon another. When force is immediate, of short duration, or infrequent,
it is called sexual
assault. The offender is referred to as a sexual
abuser or molester. The term also covers any behavior by an adult or older
adolescent towards a child to stimulate any of the involved sexually. The use
of a child, or other individuals younger than the age of consent, for sexual stimulation is referred to as child sexual abuse or statutory
rape. For example: - minimizing the importance of feelings about sex,
criticizing sexually, insisting on unwanted or uncomfortable touching withheld
sex and affection, forced sex after physical abuse or when other partner is
sick, rape, jealously angry, assuming other partner would have sex with anyone,
insisting to dress in a more sexual way than one wants etc.[21]
Psychological abuse (also
referred to as psychological
violence, emotional abuse or mental abuse) is a form of abuse,
characterized by a person subjecting, or exposing, another person to behaviour
that may result in psychological trauma,
including anxiety, chronic depression, or post-traumatic stress
disorder. Such abuse is often associated with situations of power
imbalance, such as abusive
relationships, bullying, gas lighting and abuse in the
workplace. For example:- behavior that is intended
to intimidate and persecute, and takes the form of threats of abandonment or
abuse, confinement to the home, surveillance, threats to take away custody of
the children, destruction of objects, isolation, verbal aggression and constant
humiliation etc.
Economic abuse is
a form of abuse when one intimate partner has control over the other
partner's access to economic resources, which diminishes the victim's
capacity to support herself and forces the person to depend on the perpetrator
financially.
It is related to, or also known as, financial abuse, which is
the illegal or unauthorized use of a person’s property, money, pension book or
other valuables (including changing the person's will to name the
abuser as heir), often fraudulently obtaining power of attorney, followed
by deprivation of money or other property, or by eviction from own home.
Financial abuse applies to both elder abuse and domestic
violence. For Example: denial of funds, refusal to
contribute financially, denial of food and basic needs and controlling access
to health care, employment, etc.
Emotional abuse is any act including confinement, isolation, verbal assault, humiliation,
intimidation, infantilization, or any other treatment which may diminish the
sense of identity, dignity, and self-worth.
For example: continuous criticism, calling names or shouting, insulting or
driving away partner’s friends or family, humiliation in private or public,
keeping partner from working, controlling money or making all the decisions,
refusing to work or to share money, taking car keys or money from partner,
regularly threatening to leave or telling other person to leave, threatening to
kidnap the children when the abuser was angry, abusing pets to hurt the other
person, manipulating other partner with lies and contradictions etc.[25]
1.5 Causes &
Characteristics of Domestic Violence
Like any other social evil, domestic violence also
has some peculiar characteristics of its own. Along with those characteristics,
there are various causes behind causation of domestic violence.
1.5.1
Causes of Domestic Violence:[26]
If contemplated over the reasons behind this form of
domestic violence some of the apparent possible causes such as not abiding by
the instructions of the wives’, inadequate earning of men, infidelity towards
wives, not helping the partner in household activities, not taking a proper
care of children, abusing the spouse’s family, infertility of men, spying the
activities of partner, doubting the partner all the time and not trusting her,
revolt by the wife when asked to look after in-laws etc. On many occasions, the
spat between men and women becomes public thereby influencing the society
around especially in the villages. In urban areas such forms of violence may go
unreported because of greater privacy. Also the families find their reputation
at stake in urban areas.[27]
Generally, following are the causes which are considered to further enhance the
problem of domestic violence:
1.5.1.1 Cultural:-
Cultural causes are one of the very basic reasons of
existence of domestic violence against persons in the society. Gender based
socialization is imbedded in our culture.
Our culture decides the roles to be played by each sex being a unit of
the society. Every person is expected to behave in a particular manner and to
fulfill his set of responsibilities as has been decided by the society. In our
culture, family as well as marriage is considered to be a private sphere and
thus no one tries to intervene and resolve the conflicts which arise within the
four walls and thus domestic violence continues within the four walls. Also in
our culture it is not considered good to make public the dispute within the
family and this has led to the thinking that it’s better to quiet the rebellion
by use of violence rather than to publicize it.
1.5.1.2 Economic:-
Another reason for existence of domestic violence in
our society is the economic causes. In our present society, in a relationship
one partner has only limited access to cash and credit which also leads to
economic disparities in a relationship thus leading to frustration and strained
relationships. Further, the laws regarding inheritance of property and property
rights under such laws are discriminatory and are not gender neutral which
again forms the basic reason behind violence within the family. Legal
provisions relating to the rights of women for maintenance after divorce or
widowhood lead to economic frustration, tension as well as stress amongst males
which lead to further violence in the family.
1.5.1.3 Legal:-
Apart from cultural and economic causes, there can
be legal causes of violence also. Lesser legal status of men either by written
law or by practice is the main cause of violence against men in the family.
Laws regarding divorce, child custody, maintenance and inheritance are biased
in the favour of females and this makes the males victims of violence
perpetrated by the females in the family. Legal definitions of rape and
domestic abuse are framed to include only females and thus are highly misused
by the females to settle their scores with males. Insensitive treatment of
women and girls towards males and boys can be another reason of domestic
violence as well.
1.5.1.4 Political &
Other Causes:-
Political causes also sometimes further the problem
of domestic violence. Rising representation of women in power, politics, the
media and in the legal and medical professions, has suppressed the voice of
males upto a very large extent. Further under the political spheres, the
problem of domestic violence is not taken that much seriously be it directed
against males or females and that is why the problem is rising instead of
curbing. Notion that family is a private sphere and is beyond the control of
the state is another reason of domestic violence taking place in one form or
other in almost every home. Further challenging the set customs and principles
of various groups as well as of religions involve a great risk of inviting
public unrest and political disturbance in the society and that is why
politicians are not very keen on touching upon this matter.
1.5.2
Characteristics of Domestic Violence[28]
The
following are the characteristics of domestic violence:
a)
Domestic violence is a victimization of person within boundaries of family;
women/men may be a boy/girl child, married, elderly or like relationship.
b)
Violence can be of any type of harm physical, psychological, emotional,
spiritual, economical, etc. It includes even threat or aggressive behaviours
towards person not only person’s physical being and even towards her/his self-
respect and self-confidence too.
c)
The violence takes place in private sphere i.e. home where the person expects
love, affection, care, warmth and the wrongdoer is his/her own family members.
e)
It is a gender based violence that reflects the existing asymmetry in power
relationship between men and women that perpetuates the subordination and
devaluation of
rights and reproduces the imbalance and inequality between the sexes. It
is rightly described as gender specific crime occurring within family between
individuals related through intimacy, blood or law.[29]
g)
Domestic violence refers to a pattern of violent abusive and coercive behaviour
by one partner in a relationship to gain and maintain power and control over
another person’s life.
h)
Terms like marital violence, are used to connotes the violence between spouses
while other terms like inter-family violence, domestic violence are used to
broadly include violence in spouses, exhibited against children, between
siblings and generally between persons who shared a mutual residence and live
in close relationship.[30]
Violence against men is most shameful human right
violation. It does not know boundaries, geography, culture, caste, wealth or
else. It is a universal phenomenon found in developing, developed and under
developed countries in varying forms and magnitude.
The term
intimate partner violence (IPV) is often used synonymously with domestic abuse
or domestic violence, but it usually refers to abuse occurring within a couple
relation (marriage, cohabitation, though they do not have to live together for
it to be considered domestic abuse).
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines intimate
partner violence as: "... any behaviour within an intimate relationship
that causes physical, psychological or sexual harm to those in the
relationship".[31]
Michael P. Johnson argues that there are four major
types of Intimate partner violence[32].
Types of violence identified by Johnson:
·
Common couple violence
(CCV) is not connected to general control behaviour, but arises in a single
argument where one or both partners physically lash out at the other.
·
Intimate terrorism (IT)
may also involve emotional and psychological abuse. Intimate terrorism is one
element in a general pattern of control by one partner over the other. Intimate
terrorism is more likely to escalate over time, not as likely to be mutual, and
more likely to involve serious injury. IT batterers include two types:
"Generally- violent-antisocial" and "dysphoric-borderline".
The first type includes people with general psychopathic and violent tendencies.
The second types are people who are emotionally dependent on the relationship.
Support for this typology has been found in subsequent evaluations.
·
Violent resistance
(VR), sometimes thought of as self-defence, is violence perpetrated by victims
against their abusive partners.
·
Mutual violent control
(MVC) is rare type of intimate partner violence occurring when both partners
act in a violent manner, battling for control.
There are many reasons for filing false case against
husband and his family like demanding separation of husband from his old
parents, interference by parents of wife in her matrimonial life, past affair
of wife or extra-marital affair, financial independence of wife etc. It is seen
that most cases of misuses of dowry laws are reported by urban families and
wives who are well educated, independent and aggressive. Mere lodging a
complaint by a married woman even based on conflicts with husband on trivial
matters not distantly relating to dowry demand gets the police machinery into
action quickly and all accused are put behind the bar; even young kids and
close relatives are not spared some time. Offences under Section 498A of Indian
Penal Code are non bailable and non compoundable. Women take advantage of these
provisions to set scores with husbands and in laws.[33]
Every person who is falsely implicated in criminal
complaints or F.I.R. is sufferer. A false complaint has a far reaching impact
on social and economic prospects of accused. Sometimes, a complainant herself
is sufferer, mostly in those cases where complaining wife has no independent
source of livelihood. Because, arrest of near and dear one’s of husband
culminates in divorce between husband and wife and ultimately she is left at
the mercy of her natural parents. Minor children to marriage are innocent
victims, who don’t face legal action but they do face social problem like,
single parenting, crimino-genic atmosphere of up-bringing which results in
‘broken personality’. The criminal trial leads to immense sufferings for all
concerned. Even ultimate acquittal in the trial may also not be able to wipe
out the deep scars of suffering of ignominy. A large number of these complaints
have led to enormous social unrest affecting peace, harmony and happiness of
the society. Further, tendency of false implication of parties does have
bearing on genuine cases.[34]
Following
are the few points of ill effects of misuse of this provision:-
1. It
increases corruption in police and society as police threaten persons involved
that if they would not pay money, their bail will be delayed.
2. Many
lawyers, in lieu of getting commission on the money received by women by
misusing this provision, encourage complaints to exaggerate the amount due to
them as streedhan. It is causing disgrace to profession of advocates.
3. Many
husbands or their old parents commit suicide due to the harassment by women in
such false cases.
4. Mothers,
in order to take revenge on the husband, do not allow fathers to see the child.
It has ill impact on the physical and mental development of the child.
Annually about 75000 dowry harassment cases are
filed in India. According to National Crime Reports Bureau data, more than 80%
people arrested under dowry law cases have turned out to be innocent. Suicide
rates of married men in India are higher than females and their proportion
increases with their age. For males in the age group of 30 to 40 suicide rate
is 508 per 100000 persons; for women it is 220. The suicide rates among men in
the age group of 45 to 59 are 1812 per 100000 persons and among women, it is
550. It shows that more husbands are compelled to commit suicide because of
unbearable harassment, mental torture, disturbed family life, financial
pressure etc.[35]
There is no question that domestic violence directed
against women is a serious and bigger problem, but domestic violence against
men is also increasing gradually in India. The supremacy of men in the society
makes one believe that they are not vulnerable to domestic violence. Battering
of men by their spouse and family members has become a concerned issue and is
another form of domestic violence under purview of judiciary. In India,
domestic violence against women is a adequately highlighted problem but it, in
no way, rules out the possibility of existence of domestic violence against
men.[36]
Males have reported incidences of assault against
them like pushing, shoving, slapping, grabbing, hitting which are intended to
harm them and also take their lives on many occasions. Recently, hundreds of
husbands gathered in Chandigarh and Shimla to voice their opinion for men’s
rights and protection against domestic violence subjected to them by their
wives and other family members. It reflects the need for a special law for
curbing domestic violence against men in present times.[37]
[1] V.K. Dewan, Cruelty
& Offences Against Husbands, Asia Law House, Hyderabad, p 6
[2] Section 498A of
The Indian Penal Code Husband or
relative of husband of a woman subjecting her to cruelty.—Whoever, being the
husband or the relative of the husband of a woman, subjects such woman to
cruelty shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to
three years and shall also be liable to fine. Explanation.—For the purpose of
this section, “cruelty” means—(a) any wilful conduct
which is of such a nature as is likely to drive the woman to commit suicide or
to cause grave injury or danger to life, limb or health (whether mental or
physical) of the woman; or(b) harassment of the woman where such harassment
is with a view to coercing her or any person related to her to meet any
unlawful demand for any property or valuable security or is on account of
failure by her or any person related to her to meet such demand.
[3] Section 306 of The Indian Penal Code Abetment
of suicide.—If any person commits suicide, whoever abets the commission of such
suicide, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which
may extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine.
[4]Section 304B of The Indian Penal Code Dowry death.—(1) Where the death of a
woman is caused by any burns or bodily injury or occurs otherwise than under
normal circumstances within seven years of her marriage and it is shown that
soon before her death she was subjected to cruelty or harassment by her
husband or any relative of her husband for, or in connection with, any demand
for dowry, such death shall be called “dowry death”, and such husband or
relative shall be deemed to have caused her death. Explanation.—For the purpose
of this sub-section, “dowry” shall have the same meaning as in section 2 of the
Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 (28 of 1961).(2) Whoever commits dowry death
shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than
seven years but which may extend to imprisonment for life.
[5] Section 113B of The Indian Evidence Act,
1872 Presumption as to dowry death.—When the question is whether a person
has committed the dowry death of a woman and it is shown that soon before her
death such woman has been subjected by such person to cruelty or harassment
for, or in connection with, any demand for dowry, the Court shall presume that
such person had caused the dowry death. Explanation.—For the purposes of this
section, “dowry death” shall have the same meaning as in section 304B, of the
Indian Penal Code, (45 of 1860).
[6] Sushil
Kumar Sharma vs. Union of India,
JT 2005 (6) SC 266
[8] Black’s Law Dictionary, Ed. 8th, p
1601
[9]
"World report on violence and health", World Health
Organization, 2002.
[12]
Oxford Law Dictionary, Ed. 5th, p 46
[13] Supra
note 8
[14] Advanced Law Lexicon Ed. 3rd , 2005
[15] Section
3. Definition of domestic violence.-For the purposes of this Act, any act,
omission or commission or conduct of the
respondent shall constitute domestic violence in case it - (a) harms or injures or endangers the health,
safety, life, limb or well-being, whether mental or physical, of the aggrieved
person or tends to do so and includes causing physical abuse, sexual abuse,
verbal and emotional abuse and (Continued
from previous page) economic abuse; or (b) harasses, harms, injures or
endangers the aggrieved person with a view to coerce her or any other person
related to her to meet any unlawful demand for any dowry or other property or
valuable security; or (c) has the effect of threatening the aggrieved person or
any person related to her by any conduct mentioned in clause (a) or clause (b);
or (d) otherwise injures or causes harm, whether physical or mental, to the
aggrieved person.
Explanation I.-For the
purposes of this section,-
(i) "physical
abuse" means any act or conduct which is of such a nature as to cause
bodily pain, harm, or danger to life, limb, or health or impair the health or
development of the aggrieved person and includes assault, criminal intimidation
and criminal force; (ii) "sexual
abuse" includes any conduct of a sexual nature that abuses, humiliates,
degrades or otherwise violates the dignity of woman; (iii) "verbal and emotional abuse"
includes-
(a) insults, ridicule,
humiliation, name calling and insults or ridicule specially with regard to not
having a child or a male child; and (b)
repeated threats to cause physical pain to any person in whom the aggrieved
person is interested. (iv) "economic abuse" includes- (a) deprivation
of all or any economic or financial resources to which the aggrieved person is
entitled under any law or custom whether payable under an order of a court or
otherwise or which the aggrieved person requires out of necessity including,
but not limited to, household necessities for the aggrieved person and her
children, if any, stridhan, property, jointly or separately owned by the aggrieved
person, payment of rental related to the shared household and maintenance;
(b) disposal of household
effects, any alienation of assets whether movable or immovable, valuables,
shares, securities, bonds and the like or other property in which the aggrieved
person has an interest or is entitled to use by virtue of the domestic
relationship or which may be reasonably required by the aggrieved person or her
children or her stridhan or any other property jointly or separately held by
the aggrieved person; and
(c) prohibition or
restriction to continued access to resources or facilities which the aggrieved
person is entitled to use or enjoy by virtue of the domestic relationship
including access to the shared household.
Explanation II.-For the
purpose of determining whether any act, omission, commission or conduct of the
respondent constitutes "domestic violence" under this section, the
overall facts and circumstances of the case shall be taken into consideration.
[16] Stacy L Mallicoat and Connie
Estrada Ireland, Women and Crime-The
Essentials, Ed. 1st, Sage Pulications, New Delhi,(2014), p. 113
[17]
Violence Against Women a Literature Review Available at http://ihro.org.in/women_violence.html
.
[19] Newton C. J. “Domestic Violence:
An Overview” FindCounseling.com, Mental Health Journal. February, 2001. Available
at http://www.aaets.org/article145.htm
[21] Supra note 18
[24] Available at http://www.healthyplace.com/abuse/emotional-psychological-abuse/emotional-abuse-definitions-signs-symptoms-examples/, retrieved on 10-12-2016
[25] Supra note
18
[26] UNICEF (2000), Domestic Violence against Women
and Girls, Innnocenti Digest N0. 6, available at http://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/digest6e.pdf , pg. no.7
[27] Shankaran M.V.,’Intra-Family Violence &
Law’ 13 Indian Bar Review, 1986,86.
[28] Narwadkar, Dr. Pooja P., Law Relating to Domestic Violence in India, 1st Ed. 2014, Hind Law
House, Pg.No29
[29] Jaising
Indira “Domestic Violence &Law”1 Journal of NHRC, 2002. 73.
[31] WHO:
World Report on Violence and Health (http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence
/world_report/en/full_en.pdf?ua=1) (2002)
[32] Paula
Nicolson. Domestic Violence and Psychology: A Critical Perspective (http://books.google.com/books?
id=WSANCERMa2MC&pg=PA40). Taylor & Francis; 14 December 2010. ISBN
9781136698613. p. 40
[33] Hemant Kumar, “Legal Terrorism”,
Lawyer’s update, p.11 October (2010)
[34]
Preeti Gupta Vs. State of
Jharkhand, AIR 2010 SC 3363
[35] Misuse of Legal Protection By
Women, Shodhganga, pp 184
[36] ‘Domestic Violence In
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